Martyrdom of Ayatollah Modarres

Excellent Example and Model for the Men of Politics
Martyr Ayatollah Seyed Hassan Modarres has been the most outstanding representative who was in the National Consultative Assembly during the Constitutional time and after that during different periods of the National Consultative Assembly [Parliament].
Among the contemporary political faces, we do not know any person like Martyr Modarres who had been this much admired and honored by Hazrat Imam Khomeini and had been introduced as the example and model for the men of politics.
Doubtlessly, the character of that knowledgeable and powerful clergy man, skillful and also eloquent lecturer and knowledgeable politician was beyond description of a representative of the parliament; but the major part of his political character appeared when he attended the National Consultative Assembly. By his thoughts, ideas, speeches and behavior he doubled the level of expectation of the society from the representatives of the parliament. He left a model of a great representative that will be considered as a clear criterion for evaluating the characters of the representatives of the nation in the parliament [Majlis].

Appearance of the Star of the Majlis [Parliament]

At the time when the dictatorship and despotism of the Qajar Kingdom were sunk in the cruelty of this system, Martyr Modarres appeared from the horizon of knowledge and belief. The hateful and disappointing mire of Reza Khan grew cancerously meanwhile that great clergy man and patient fighter had appeared and started activities. Reza Khan oppressed pious and religious people such as Modarres. At this critical period of time, Martyr Modarres revealed and disclosed the faces of hypocrisy in different fields and supported religious values in different fields.

Characteristics of Ayatollah Modarres

Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres spent his childhood and teenage time under the supervision of a father of high moralities. During the youth ages, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres attended classes held by great religious professors each of them were famous among ordinary and special people in the fields of knowledge as well as humanitarian and divine virtues. He spent all those moments for learning moral values and lessons. And he could achieve humanitarian high values and high moral virtues.

Example of Bravery and Courage

In the shadow of strong belief and being certain about the truth of the objectives that the men of God have in their ways ahead, these men of God are never afraid of any thing in their hearts. And they do not express tribute and bend head unless before God. Bravery and courage were the outstanding characteristics of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres. During his life, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres fought against cruelty. And in this way, he was not afraid of any power at all. His enemies tried to kill him several times; but Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres did not withdraw from his positions even a little. Several times, he said: “I will lonely resist even if all the governments of the world are against me and opposed to me.”?

Pious and Free from Earthly Life

Due to having simple life and being satisfied with little things, the deceased Modarres was free from attachments and belongings to the earthly things. As a result, he told the truth without being worried about danger for his properties, situation and life. Once, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres told a number of clergy men of Isfahan as the following: “If you see that I express my opinions about many secrets freely and say any truth words without fear, you should know that it is because I do not have any thing. And I do not want any one any thing. And you will also become free if you lessen your load and make it light and decrease your expectations.”?

Insight and Intelligence of Modarres

Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is considered as a complete example for the “Hadith”? that says: “The believer person is sharp and clever”? [Hadith is a wise sentence or phrase that is said by the Islam prophet or the innocent imams of Islam].
While changes were going to be made in the kingdom of Iran and he opposed against it, he predicated the future situation of Iran in a right way by using his unique intelligence and insight. When the Pahlavi Dynasty reached to power in Iran, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres predicated the future situation of Iran as the following: “In the type of regime that is designed for the helpless Iran, a type of modernism is provided to us. And this type of modernism will present this western civilization and culture to the future generations in the most stigmatized form and appearance.”?

Frankness in Delivering Speeches

Frankness in speeches was one of the characteristics of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres. Without complements and with loud voice, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres said his words. And it was more visible when the other side of the conversation or negotiation wanted to deceive people and pretend in the way that he was not. The son of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres has said in this regard as the following: “There was a big area under the name of “National Garden”? in the beginning of Sepah Street. And Reza Khan had had this garden be rebuilt and repaired. And military ceremonies were held in this “National Garden”?. Reza Khan had installed a bust of him on its big gate. And it seemed like two statues stuck together from their backs. You could see the face of the bust both from inside the “National Garden”? and from the inside of the “National Garden”?. Modarres had been invited to attend there for a ceremony. I was along with my father. And when we got there, Reza Khan asked Modarres: “Did you see the entrance gate too Mr Modarres?”? Modarres answered: “Yes, I saw the bust of you too. Exactly like its model [Reza Khan] it has two faces.”? And Reza Khan did not say any word by the end of the ceremony. And it was due to feeling shy and upset of what he had heard from my father.”?

Able to Be Strong and Not Be Influenced by the Others

Against the cruel people, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres stood and resisted such that the enemies could never stop him from continuation of the true way that he had chosen to go through. And it had wondered them. One of the contemporary history writers has said in this regard as the following: “I remember that one of the former officials of Iran told me: “What could I do with Modarres? He does not accept any money that I give him money. He does not accept becoming governor or minister that I give such promises to him and persuade him stopping resistance. We have to go along with him and accept his correct opinions.”?
Being against Giving Advantage to Special People and Particular Sector of the Society
Modarres was the messenger of justice. Modarres opposed with any type of discrimination and seeking benefits by particular sector of people. He was never satisfied that a person or organization benefits from more advantages compared to other people and organizations. Once, his last child - whom was very loved by him - became sick. And the doctor insisted that he could move to a place with good and pleasant weather in order that the treatment would be effective for him. To answer to the doctor, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres said: “All children of this country are my children. I do not like that my child moves to a place with good weather and other people and children stay in the hot weather of Tehran or other places in hard situations unless such situation is provided for the whole the people of the country.”?

Resistant and Virtuous

In spite of the whole efforts that Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres made and despite the valuable role that he played during a critical and important period of time, he was not known in the contemporary history of Iran as he deserved. And the history writers - who were related to the government of despotism and dictatorship - made efforts that the name and memory of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres would be forgotten by people and the history. And it was Imam Khomeini who seriously spoke about this martyr and his thoughts and ideas. In his speeches and messages, Imam Khomeini spoke about Martyr Modarres much frequently. And when the design of the first bill published by Islamic Republic of Iran central bank was delivered to Imam Khomeini, Imam Khomeini wrote down a note under the picture of that fighter clergy man as the following: “It is right and worthy that the first bill that is published in Islamic Republic of Iran carries the picture of the first fighter man in the cruel regime of Pahlavi.”?
Imam Khomeini’s attention to Ayatollah Modarres was not limited to the political aspects of character of that highly respected clergy man; but Imam Khomeini paid attention to his sincere motives, moralities and behavior as well as his spiritual values too. In this regard, Imam Khomeini has said: “Modarres was such a powerful man; because he was a divine man. He wanted to carry out activities in the way of God. He was not afraid of any thing.”?

Modarres in the Mirror of Imam Khomeini’s Words and Sentences:
The honest behavior of Modarres teaches us valuable points to us. And each of these points can be leading lessons for the Islamic society. Hazrat Imam Khomeini encouraged the interested people to pay attention to the way that Modarres lived. And it was living in simple way and being satisfied with little things and also being far from the earthly life. In this respect, Imam Khomeini has said as the following: “His house was a small building and his life was beyond a normal life. His canvas made cloth [A kind of tick and rough material for making cloth] was famous among people. He put on the cloth made of canvas that should have been from Iran.”?
Since childhood and teenage time, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres preferred a simple life to seeking comfort and living comfortably. And since he stepped into the way of thinking, culture and politics, he felt the necessity of continuing living simply more than before. This way, he intended to accomplish the mission that he felt he had without any dependence on materialistic issues.

Modarres and the Majlis [National Consultative Assembly]

Hazrat Imam Khomeini has described presence of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres in the Majlis [Parliament; National Consultative Assembly] as the following: “When Modarres was not present in the “Majlis”? it seemed that the whole “Majlis”? was absent. And it seemed that every member of the parliament was waiting for him to speak.”?
Presence of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres in the National Consultative Assembly was the period of time in the life of this great man during which he continued his way for revealing the truth with courage and frankness in speeches along with the people who thought as he did. He was not influenced by the atmosphere that had been made by the majority of the parliament members who supported the dictator government.

Man of Belief

Imam Khomeini sent a message on the occasion of rebuilding the tomb of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres on Shahrivar 28th, 1363 [September 19th, 1984]. In this message, Imam Khomeini described that martyr as a highly respected clergy man, committed person and great knowledgeable person who did not prevent telling the truth and condemning the untruth.
In parts of this message, Imam Khomeini had said as the following: “With weak and thin body and great soul and cheered by belief, joy of truth and with sharp and frank speeches; this clergy man stood against them like Hazrat Imam Ali. He shouted and told the truth. He revealed the crimes and finally lost his innocent life in the way of dear Islam and the honorable nation of Iran. He was martyred by the cruel regime of Pahlavi in a far place and in loneliness. And he joined his innocent ancestors after being martyred.

Paying No Attention to Political Positions and Power

In parts of his speech about piety and virtue of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres; Imam Khomeini has said as the following: “…because he [Modarres] was a person who did not pay any attention to power and political positions. He did not pay attention to properties, materialistic issues and so on. He was free from earthly things. He did not carry out activities for gaining power or particular position. He worked and carried out activities for God. And the person who carries out activities in the way of God has such way of life. …. He [Modarres] was not afraid of any person.”?

Modarres as Described by Other People:
Political Capability
Malek - ol Shoara - ye Bahar has said: “Seyed Hassan Modarres made a speech in one of the public sessions of the National Consultative Assembly that had been arranged by the government and Nayeb ol - Saltaneh. And the speech changed into the speech of supporting the constitutional law and against the opinions of Nasser - ol Molk.”?
This political power is rooted in religion of Modarres and the characteristic of being upright. And it shows a special way of piety and paying no attention to the earthly life.

Simple Life

Dr Milisio, the American consul in Iran confessed the high value characteristics of Modarres as far as considering his piety and virtue. In this respect, he has said as the following: “Modarres is the martyr pioneer of Shiite clergy men. This characteristic of Modarres is famous and known among ordinary and special people that he does not pay attention to money. And he has lived in a simple house that has simple stuff such as straw mat, book and chair. And he puts on a cloth with an Old Iranian style.
We see that a foreign person who meets Modarres is unconsciously influenced by his simple life and piety as well as being free from earthly belongings.”?

Ruling of the Nation

The theoretical belief and practical performance of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres to the ruling of people on their destiny were the most important ideas of him. Republic system had such a place in the opinion of Modarres that he stood against the fake and anti - national claim of Reza Khan for seeking a republic government and system in order that he achieves true fulfillment of republic government in the society. In parts of his historical lecture in the Majlis; Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres has said: “Dictatorship lasted till twenty years ago that the open minded people of the country thought that administering social affairs should be transferred to the society. … Dictatorship and constitutionalism do not match with each other that they say it is better or the other one.”?

Memories about Modarres:
The Hat of Reza Khan

The members of the National Consultative Assembly spoke about lamb, goat and sheep and skinning them in one of the sessions of the parliament. The skin of lamb is a source of earning money; but killing lambs should become prohibited. Why do they kill lambs? Modarres calmly answered: “For the hat of Reza Khan”?
Those days, Reza Khan had not become a king yet. And he put on a fur hat. The representatives of people in the parliament laughed and the order of the parliament was fully interrupted.

From the Generation of Great and Peaceful Men

After completing preliminary lessons in “Hozeh Elmieh”? [The school for teaching and learning Islamic sciences professionally] of Isfahan, Modarres departed for Najaf - e Ashraf [A city located in Iraq that was the center of Islamic religious studies at that time] in order to complete his religious studies and lessons. He attended the classes held by great clergy men such as Ayatollah Akhound Khorassani and Seyed Kazem Yazdi; the clergy men who supported the constitutional revolution courageously and had a big share and important role in the victory of this popular revolution. Under the influence of these great clergy men, Modarres accepted executive responsibilities and positions after coming back to his home land from Najaf - e Ashraf. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is considered a member of generation of clergy men who had new opinions. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres left undeniable influence on the society of Iran.

Representative of People

As Modarres believed that the nation [People] should rule on their life and destiny, he believed in this opinion in practice too. Once, one of the followers of Martyr Modarres - who was a respected and honorable man - had told people in different gatherings and sessions that he had dreamed and he believed that Modarres was the representative of Imam Zaman [The 12th imam of the Shiite that will appear and administer and spread justice in the whole world]. Martyr Modarres heard his words later. And then, he commanded that he comes to him. Without any introductory, Modarres told him: “Why do you say a word that proving it is difficult. Instead of telling people that Modarres is the representative of Imam Zaman, tell them that Modarres is the representative of people in order that you have enough reasons for proving it and you have told right and correct things.”?

Majlis, the House of Nation

It was intended that the parliament asks Reza Khan to come to the parliament and answer to some questions of the parliament members. The minority of members of the Majlis [Parliament] had asked for that explanation. The representatives did not speak clearly and spoke in general. And it has been probably due to the fact that they were afraid of Reza Khan. To complain to their action, Modarres said: “Are you weak that you say these words? Are you weak that you do not speak clearly and frankly? We have power to question any person. And we are not afraid of Reza Khan. We have the power to dethrone the king. We have the power to ask him for explanation for his actions.”?

Perfect Human

By reviewing political life of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres, we find out the fact that he had had deep knowledge and attention to the past history and the new civilization. He was interested in the truths that appeared every day in the field of science, culture and politics as well as progress of human. Therefore, he had to adopt wise and fundamental positions. So, he has left wise speeches for us. As for his sentences, I can refer to the following sentence: “The effort and movement of the society towards reaching to perfection of humanity and freedom will achieve better results if it begins with wisdom and ends with freedom.”?

Students of Martyr Modarres

For long years, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres taught lessons in different “Hozeh Elmieh”? of Najaf - e Ashraf, Isfahan and “Sepah Salar”? School in Tehran. He taught Islamic lessons of high levels. He taught different courses including philosophy and Nahj - ol Balagheh [The speeches, letters and sentences said by Imam Ali collected in this book]. As for some of his students; we can refer to Ayatollah Mahdi Elahi Ghomsheh’ee - who was a great clergy man and translator of the holy Koran and Mafatih - ol Janan [A book that contains different Islamic prays] - , Badi’e - ol Zaman Forouzanfar who was one of the contemporary writers and, researchers and literary men - , Ayatollah Seyed Morteza Pasandideh - who was the older brother of Imam Khomeini - , Sheykh ol Eslam Malayeri - who was one of the outstanding political and religious faces - , Seyed Razee Lahijani, Sheykh Mohammad Ali Lavassani and the deceased Jalaleddin Homayee.
A large number of students learned from Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres and benefited from his wise advices and perfect character. But due to different reasons such as the political situation ruling on the country at that period of time, these students have not been exactly known by now.

Knowledge Position of Martyr Modarres

Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres reached to the position of becoming a “Mojtahed”? when he was young [Mojtahed is the higher position for an Islamic clergy man who has achieved the place where he can write his own “Resaleh”? [Resaleh is a book that is actually prescriptions for people based on which people know how to do their religious duties based on understanding of that particular “Mojtahed”? from Islam and Islamic sources]]. And then, he departed to “Hozeh Elmieh”? of Najaf - e Ashraf from Isfahan.
Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was an outstanding and exemplary person in Islamic knowledge. He was a “Mojtahed”? that did not accept to write his own “Resaleh”? for people. More than being a political man, he was a great clergy man. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was in the scientific level of Hazrat Ayatollah Seyed Abol - Hassan Esfahani who became a “Mojtahed”? later in the future.
The political views of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres were rooted in his wonderful and great ability in Islamic knowledge as well as his philosophical and political knowledge. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was a spark of divine light on the earth. Martyr Modarres was the great sign of God among people.

From the Generation of Free Men

Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is a free Muslim who teaches freedom to humans. He teaches piety to innocent and virtuous men. He teaches self sacrifice to leaders. And he teaches all kinds of people how to live and how to die. He is a respected and great clergy man. He is a great fighter against cruelty. He did not have any concern except freeing nations from the chains of domestic despotism and foreign expansionism. Relying on Islamic and revolutionary virtue and belief as well as his God - given genius, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres shook the bases of castles of cruelty. Marty Seyed Hassan Modarres does not belong to one nation and one country. But Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres belongs to all of the people of the world and all of the free men of the world and also the whole people who seek for virtue, piety and humanity in any land on the world.

Martyrdom

Martyrdom of Seyed Hassan Modarres is not the end of his honorable and glorious life. His martyrdom is the beginning of appearance of his shiny face in order that he steps into a way that is continued till eternity; the way that should cause all people of the world to reach the position of being the best creature of God. On the path of history, Modarres passes through a way that all free men of the world should step into that way and reach to the world of light and freedom. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is the son of all imprisoned humans and nations. Like a shining sun in the dark nights of cruelty, Modarres shines to their lives and gives them life and hope.

Excellent Example and Model for the Men of Politics Martyr Ayatollah Seyed Hassan Modarres has been the most outstanding representative who was in the National Consultative Assembly during the Constitutional time and after that during different periods of the National Consultative Assembly [Parliament]. Among the contemporary political faces, we do not know any person like Martyr Modarres who had been this much admired and honored by Hazrat Imam Khomeini and had been introduced as the example and model for the men of politics. Doubtlessly, the character of that knowledgeable and powerful clergy man, skillful and also eloquent lecturer and knowledgeable politician was beyond description of a representative of the parliament; but the major part of his political character appeared when he attended the National Consultative Assembly. By his thoughts, ideas, speeches and behavior he doubled the level of expectation of the society from the representatives of the parliament. He left a model of a great representative that will be considered as a clear criterion for evaluating the characters of the representatives of the nation in the parliament [Majlis]. Appearance of the Star of the Majlis [Parliament] At the time when the dictatorship and despotism of the Qajar Kingdom were sunk in the cruelty of this system, Martyr Modarres appeared from the horizon of knowledge and belief. The hateful and disappointing mire of Reza Khan grew cancerously meanwhile that great clergy man and patient fighter had appeared and started activities. Reza Khan oppressed pious and religious people such as Modarres. At this critical period of time, Martyr Modarres revealed and disclosed the faces of hypocrisy in different fields and supported religious values in different fields. Characteristics of Ayatollah Modarres Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres spent his childhood and teenage time under the supervision of a father of high moralities. During the youth ages, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres attended classes held by great religious professors each of them were famous among ordinary and special people in the fields of knowledge as well as humanitarian and divine virtues. He spent all those moments for learning moral values and lessons. And he could achieve humanitarian high values and high moral virtues. Example of Bravery and Courage In the shadow of strong belief and being certain about the truth of the objectives that the men of God have in their ways ahead, these men of God are never afraid of any thing in their hearts. And they do not express tribute and bend head unless before God. Bravery and courage were the outstanding characteristics of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres. During his life, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres fought against cruelty. And in this way, he was not afraid of any power at all. His enemies tried to kill him several times; but Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres did not withdraw from his positions even a little. Several times, he said: “I will lonely resist even if all the governments of the world are against me and opposed to me.”? Pious and Free from Earthly Life Due to having simple life and being satisfied with little things, the deceased Modarres was free from attachments and belongings to the earthly things. As a result, he told the truth without being worried about danger for his properties, situation and life. Once, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres told a number of clergy men of Isfahan as the following: “If you see that I express my opinions about many secrets freely and say any truth words without fear, you should know that it is because I do not have any thing. And I do not want any one any thing. And you will also become free if you lessen your load and make it light and decrease your expectations.”? Insight and Intelligence of Modarres Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is considered as a complete example for the “Hadith”? that says: “The believer person is sharp and clever”? [Hadith is a wise sentence or phrase that is said by the Islam prophet or the innocent imams of Islam]. While changes were going to be made in the kingdom of Iran and he opposed against it, he predicated the future situation of Iran in a right way by using his unique intelligence and insight. When the Pahlavi Dynasty reached to power in Iran, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres predicated the future situation of Iran as the following: “In the type of regime that is designed for the helpless Iran, a type of modernism is provided to us. And this type of modernism will present this western civilization and culture to the future generations in the most stigmatized form and appearance.”? Frankness in Delivering Speeches Frankness in speeches was one of the characteristics of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres. Without complements and with loud voice, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres said his words. And it was more visible when the other side of the conversation or negotiation wanted to deceive people and pretend in the way that he was not. The son of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres has said in this regard as the following: “There was a big area under the name of “National Garden”? in the beginning of Sepah Street. And Reza Khan had had this garden be rebuilt and repaired. And military ceremonies were held in this “National Garden”?. Reza Khan had installed a bust of him on its big gate. And it seemed like two statues stuck together from their backs. You could see the face of the bust both from inside the “National Garden”? and from the inside of the “National Garden”?. Modarres had been invited to attend there for a ceremony. I was along with my father. And when we got there, Reza Khan asked Modarres: “Did you see the entrance gate too Mr Modarres?”? Modarres answered: “Yes, I saw the bust of you too. Exactly like its model [Reza Khan] it has two faces.”? And Reza Khan did not say any word by the end of the ceremony. And it was due to feeling shy and upset of what he had heard from my father.”? Able to Be Strong and Not Be Influenced by the Others Against the cruel people, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres stood and resisted such that the enemies could never stop him from continuation of the true way that he had chosen to go through. And it had wondered them. One of the contemporary history writers has said in this regard as the following: “I remember that one of the former officials of Iran told me: “What could I do with Modarres? He does not accept any money that I give him money. He does not accept becoming governor or minister that I give such promises to him and persuade him stopping resistance. We have to go along with him and accept his correct opinions.”? Being against Giving Advantage to Special People and Particular Sector of the Society Modarres was the messenger of justice. Modarres opposed with any type of discrimination and seeking benefits by particular sector of people. He was never satisfied that a person or organization benefits from more advantages compared to other people and organizations. Once, his last child - whom was very loved by him - became sick. And the doctor insisted that he could move to a place with good and pleasant weather in order that the treatment would be effective for him. To answer to the doctor, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres said: “All children of this country are my children. I do not like that my child moves to a place with good weather and other people and children stay in the hot weather of Tehran or other places in hard situations unless such situation is provided for the whole the people of the country.”? Resistant and Virtuous In spite of the whole efforts that Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres made and despite the valuable role that he played during a critical and important period of time, he was not known in the contemporary history of Iran as he deserved. And the history writers - who were related to the government of despotism and dictatorship - made efforts that the name and memory of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres would be forgotten by people and the history. And it was Imam Khomeini who seriously spoke about this martyr and his thoughts and ideas. In his speeches and messages, Imam Khomeini spoke about Martyr Modarres much frequently. And when the design of the first bill published by Islamic Republic of Iran central bank was delivered to Imam Khomeini, Imam Khomeini wrote down a note under the picture of that fighter clergy man as the following: “It is right and worthy that the first bill that is published in Islamic Republic of Iran carries the picture of the first fighter man in the cruel regime of Pahlavi.”? Imam Khomeini’s attention to Ayatollah Modarres was not limited to the political aspects of character of that highly respected clergy man; but Imam Khomeini paid attention to his sincere motives, moralities and behavior as well as his spiritual values too. In this regard, Imam Khomeini has said: “Modarres was such a powerful man; because he was a divine man. He wanted to carry out activities in the way of God. He was not afraid of any thing.”? Modarres in the Mirror of Imam Khomeini’s Words and Sentences: The honest behavior of Modarres teaches us valuable points to us. And each of these points can be leading lessons for the Islamic society. Hazrat Imam Khomeini encouraged the interested people to pay attention to the way that Modarres lived. And it was living in simple way and being satisfied with little things and also being far from the earthly life. In this respect, Imam Khomeini has said as the following: “His house was a small building and his life was beyond a normal life. His canvas made cloth [A kind of tick and rough material for making cloth] was famous among people. He put on the cloth made of canvas that should have been from Iran.”? Since childhood and teenage time, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres preferred a simple life to seeking comfort and living comfortably. And since he stepped into the way of thinking, culture and politics, he felt the necessity of continuing living simply more than before. This way, he intended to accomplish the mission that he felt he had without any dependence on materialistic issues. Modarres and the Majlis [National Consultative Assembly] Hazrat Imam Khomeini has described presence of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres in the Majlis [Parliament; National Consultative Assembly] as the following: “When Modarres was not present in the “Majlis”? it seemed that the whole “Majlis”? was absent. And it seemed that every member of the parliament was waiting for him to speak.”? Presence of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres in the National Consultative Assembly was the period of time in the life of this great man during which he continued his way for revealing the truth with courage and frankness in speeches along with the people who thought as he did. He was not influenced by the atmosphere that had been made by the majority of the parliament members who supported the dictator government. Man of Belief Imam Khomeini sent a message on the occasion of rebuilding the tomb of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres on Shahrivar 28th, 1363 [September 19th, 1984]. In this message, Imam Khomeini described that martyr as a highly respected clergy man, committed person and great knowledgeable person who did not prevent telling the truth and condemning the untruth. In parts of this message, Imam Khomeini had said as the following: “With weak and thin body and great soul and cheered by belief, joy of truth and with sharp and frank speeches; this clergy man stood against them like Hazrat Imam Ali. He shouted and told the truth. He revealed the crimes and finally lost his innocent life in the way of dear Islam and the honorable nation of Iran. He was martyred by the cruel regime of Pahlavi in a far place and in loneliness. And he joined his innocent ancestors after being martyred. Paying No Attention to Political Positions and Power In parts of his speech about piety and virtue of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres; Imam Khomeini has said as the following: “…because he [Modarres] was a person who did not pay any attention to power and political positions. He did not pay attention to properties, materialistic issues and so on. He was free from earthly things. He did not carry out activities for gaining power or particular position. He worked and carried out activities for God. And the person who carries out activities in the way of God has such way of life. …. He [Modarres] was not afraid of any person.”? Modarres as Described by Other People: Political Capability Malek - ol Shoara - ye Bahar has said: “Seyed Hassan Modarres made a speech in one of the public sessions of the National Consultative Assembly that had been arranged by the government and Nayeb ol - Saltaneh. And the speech changed into the speech of supporting the constitutional law and against the opinions of Nasser - ol Molk.”? This political power is rooted in religion of Modarres and the characteristic of being upright. And it shows a special way of piety and paying no attention to the earthly life. Simple Life Dr Milisio, the American consul in Iran confessed the high value characteristics of Modarres as far as considering his piety and virtue. In this respect, he has said as the following: “Modarres is the martyr pioneer of Shiite clergy men. This characteristic of Modarres is famous and known among ordinary and special people that he does not pay attention to money. And he has lived in a simple house that has simple stuff such as straw mat, book and chair. And he puts on a cloth with an Old Iranian style. We see that a foreign person who meets Modarres is unconsciously influenced by his simple life and piety as well as being free from earthly belongings.”? Ruling of the Nation The theoretical belief and practical performance of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres to the ruling of people on their destiny were the most important ideas of him. Republic system had such a place in the opinion of Modarres that he stood against the fake and anti - national claim of Reza Khan for seeking a republic government and system in order that he achieves true fulfillment of republic government in the society. In parts of his historical lecture in the Majlis; Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres has said: “Dictatorship lasted till twenty years ago that the open minded people of the country thought that administering social affairs should be transferred to the society. … Dictatorship and constitutionalism do not match with each other that they say it is better or the other one.”? Memories about Modarres: The Hat of Reza Khan The members of the National Consultative Assembly spoke about lamb, goat and sheep and skinning them in one of the sessions of the parliament. The skin of lamb is a source of earning money; but killing lambs should become prohibited. Why do they kill lambs? Modarres calmly answered: “For the hat of Reza Khan”? Those days, Reza Khan had not become a king yet. And he put on a fur hat. The representatives of people in the parliament laughed and the order of the parliament was fully interrupted. From the Generation of Great and Peaceful Men After completing preliminary lessons in “Hozeh Elmieh”? [The school for teaching and learning Islamic sciences professionally] of Isfahan, Modarres departed for Najaf - e Ashraf [A city located in Iraq that was the center of Islamic religious studies at that time] in order to complete his religious studies and lessons. He attended the classes held by great clergy men such as Ayatollah Akhound Khorassani and Seyed Kazem Yazdi; the clergy men who supported the constitutional revolution courageously and had a big share and important role in the victory of this popular revolution. Under the influence of these great clergy men, Modarres accepted executive responsibilities and positions after coming back to his home land from Najaf - e Ashraf. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is considered a member of generation of clergy men who had new opinions. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres left undeniable influence on the society of Iran. Representative of People As Modarres believed that the nation [People] should rule on their life and destiny, he believed in this opinion in practice too. Once, one of the followers of Martyr Modarres - who was a respected and honorable man - had told people in different gatherings and sessions that he had dreamed and he believed that Modarres was the representative of Imam Zaman [The 12th imam of the Shiite that will appear and administer and spread justice in the whole world]. Martyr Modarres heard his words later. And then, he commanded that he comes to him. Without any introductory, Modarres told him: “Why do you say a word that proving it is difficult. Instead of telling people that Modarres is the representative of Imam Zaman, tell them that Modarres is the representative of people in order that you have enough reasons for proving it and you have told right and correct things.”? Majlis, the House of Nation It was intended that the parliament asks Reza Khan to come to the parliament and answer to some questions of the parliament members. The minority of members of the Majlis [Parliament] had asked for that explanation. The representatives did not speak clearly and spoke in general. And it has been probably due to the fact that they were afraid of Reza Khan. To complain to their action, Modarres said: “Are you weak that you say these words? Are you weak that you do not speak clearly and frankly? We have power to question any person. And we are not afraid of Reza Khan. We have the power to dethrone the king. We have the power to ask him for explanation for his actions.”? Perfect Human By reviewing political life of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres, we find out the fact that he had had deep knowledge and attention to the past history and the new civilization. He was interested in the truths that appeared every day in the field of science, culture and politics as well as progress of human. Therefore, he had to adopt wise and fundamental positions. So, he has left wise speeches for us. As for his sentences, I can refer to the following sentence: “The effort and movement of the society towards reaching to perfection of humanity and freedom will achieve better results if it begins with wisdom and ends with freedom.”? Students of Martyr Modarres For long years, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres taught lessons in different “Hozeh Elmieh”? of Najaf - e Ashraf, Isfahan and “Sepah Salar”? School in Tehran. He taught Islamic lessons of high levels. He taught different courses including philosophy and Nahj - ol Balagheh [The speeches, letters and sentences said by Imam Ali collected in this book]. As for some of his students; we can refer to Ayatollah Mahdi Elahi Ghomsheh’ee - who was a great clergy man and translator of the holy Koran and Mafatih - ol Janan [A book that contains different Islamic prays] - , Badi’e - ol Zaman Forouzanfar who was one of the contemporary writers and, researchers and literary men - , Ayatollah Seyed Morteza Pasandideh - who was the older brother of Imam Khomeini - , Sheykh ol Eslam Malayeri - who was one of the outstanding political and religious faces - , Seyed Razee Lahijani, Sheykh Mohammad Ali Lavassani and the deceased Jalaleddin Homayee. A large number of students learned from Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres and benefited from his wise advices and perfect character. But due to different reasons such as the political situation ruling on the country at that period of time, these students have not been exactly known by now. Knowledge Position of Martyr Modarres Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres reached to the position of becoming a “Mojtahed”? when he was young [Mojtahed is the higher position for an Islamic clergy man who has achieved the place where he can write his own “Resaleh”? [Resaleh is a book that is actually prescriptions for people based on which people know how to do their religious duties based on understanding of that particular “Mojtahed”? from Islam and Islamic sources]]. And then, he departed to “Hozeh Elmieh”? of Najaf - e Ashraf from Isfahan. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was an outstanding and exemplary person in Islamic knowledge. He was a “Mojtahed”? that did not accept to write his own “Resaleh”? for people. More than being a political man, he was a great clergy man. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was in the scientific level of Hazrat Ayatollah Seyed Abol - Hassan Esfahani who became a “Mojtahed”? later in the future. The political views of Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres were rooted in his wonderful and great ability in Islamic knowledge as well as his philosophical and political knowledge. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres was a spark of divine light on the earth. Martyr Modarres was the great sign of God among people. From the Generation of Free Men Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is a free Muslim who teaches freedom to humans. He teaches piety to innocent and virtuous men. He teaches self sacrifice to leaders. And he teaches all kinds of people how to live and how to die. He is a respected and great clergy man. He is a great fighter against cruelty. He did not have any concern except freeing nations from the chains of domestic despotism and foreign expansionism. Relying on Islamic and revolutionary virtue and belief as well as his God - given genius, Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres shook the bases of castles of cruelty. Marty Seyed Hassan Modarres does not belong to one nation and one country. But Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres belongs to all of the people of the world and all of the free men of the world and also the whole people who seek for virtue, piety and humanity in any land on the world. Martyrdom Martyrdom of Seyed Hassan Modarres is not the end of his honorable and glorious life. His martyrdom is the beginning of appearance of his shiny face in order that he steps into a way that is continued till eternity; the way that should cause all people of the world to reach the position of being the best creature of God. On the path of history, Modarres passes through a way that all free men of the world should step into that way and reach to the world of light and freedom. Martyr Seyed Hassan Modarres is the son of all imprisoned humans and nations. Like a shining sun in the dark nights of cruelty, Modarres shines to their lives and gives them life and hope.