Michel Foko and Philosophical Analysis- Science of Society Knowledge Inconsideration of Islamic Revolution
Foko analysis Iranian Revolution from cultural standpoint. Different thinkers and brilliant talent look at revolution from different standpoint. Some consider economic means, other political means and other personal and individual factors known as element to cause revolution, but Foko think about cultural means for revolution and known Islamic culture and Shiite as a strong potential means and talked about this procedure.
Foko analysis Iranian Revolution from cultural standpoint. Different thinkers and brilliant talent look at revolution from different standpoint. Some consider economic means, other political means and other personal and individual factors known as element to cause revolution, but Foko think about cultural means for revolution and known Islamic culture and Shiite as a strong potential means and talked about this procedure.
It is say that western people have tendency to analysis subjective issues about domain of thought in spite of natural and ideological differences and political-social fields even in similar responses and consider such an analysis as scientific analysis. Michel Foko talks about revolutionary messages as follow:
We consider a revolution as an official basis when have two dynamic: One, dynamic of differences inside society, i.e dynamic of people grade battle or dynamic of social great confronting; second known as political dynamic with attendance of a leader, party with political ideological means and in summary a leading force who desire to follow up all nation . However, what happen in Iran, have no signals of these two criteria. Revolutionary movement without people grade level and inside struggle that is general format of westerns consideration in analysis of revolutions, and what is it.
Supposition of brilliant talent including Michel Foko in recognition and determination about Islamic revolutionary although considered hugeness of revolution in alter change of new period, but from other hand can prove insufficiency of theoretical and philosophical forms in determination of Islamic revolution. Foko although can not find any principal analysis for Islamic revolution, but have tendency toward structure breaking of dominant form on revolutionary movements as stated by western countries and his analysis and description of such a view points have considerable effect in recognition of Islamic revolution nature. Although approval or non approval of such a view points have no effect in nature of Islamic revolution since Islamic revolution with all elements stated inner desire of all people of Iran in collapse of Shahanshahi regime, fall of western countries political and social theories and founding a new discipline based on form finalized thoughts and values in society. A discipline that sought its goals in Islamic beliefs. The present essay that presented to office of seasonal journal by one of researcher of Islamic political thoughts tries to show philosophical and political supposition of this great French thinker in determination and understanding Islamic revolution. Hope for more efforts of researchers in understanding theories of the same.
• Preamble
In fact, Islamic revolution (1978) of Iran is one of the greatest movements in contemporary social and political movement’s history and even global era. This revolution in addition to effect in Iran also has considerable effects in region and the world. Iran with ancient huge culture and civilization even before Islam and after this period is premier leader of scientific, literature and cultural means of the world. But due to different reason and unfortunately from four-five decades before this movement take form of collapse in scientific and cultural means and reasons and roots of such a backward movement caused for non maturity of Iran from scientific, cultural ,literature and civilization of human being and in other words means having no share in different thought and operation procedure .
Philosophical thoughts as one of consistent elements of human being and follow it all others thought and principals in Iran after Molasadra Shirazi move toward zero zone and we can not find name and order of Iranian people in recent periods till happening revolution of the year 1978 since Iran for next time back to main field. A movement that caused for consideration by Michel Foko as contemporary thinkers to write about us.”? What a dream have Iranian people?”? Iranian revolution without consideration it as a motto has considerable effect in practice and viewpoint.
More movements benefiting from Iran revolution or speed in their movement and action. In theoretical basis and political-revolutionary view point, we considered effect of Iran Revolution since number of theories find its place due to people movement and among these theories, view point of Michel Foko have considerable and meaningful position. Although he is not a rhetorician but has standing position and is, famous person in thought field and should taken considerable attention to his viewpoints and in this regard, we wants to talk about view points of Foko and especially concerning revolution.
• A glance at Foko Thoughts
Michel Foko (1926-1984) was born in Pouatieh in France and entered in Sorbonne University to study philosophy, received bachelor ’s degree in 1948, and after receiving PhD in1964 enter in Kelermon University as lecturer of Philosophy. He rapidly seized opportunity to be as one of famous thinkers of French and enter into global era. He opened new glance in different sciences of philosophy, history, sociology and politics.
He benefited from most important thought sources of his time and great thinkers and scientists including Martin Hedger, Freud, Marx and specially Fredrick Niche have considerable attention by him. During his scientific and thought life, he entered considerable theories and concepts in social sciences era and considered as important step in advancement of these sciences. In first stage, he accounted as duty of sociologist and philosopher as archeologist that clean all dust and sand, focus incontinent of history, and believe that every era and period have its special classification that formed spatial nature and removed all other things. From his standpoint, forming thought and science is due to classification of knowledge of dominant era. From his standpoint, researcher is inside of such a system and can form his/her thoughts. In other words, thoughts and forming principal are due to having such space and classification.
In second stage, he commence to speech about trace of initial people in forming thought and in this part he talked about relation of power and knowledge as constituent part of subject and believe that power and relation of power have considerable role in making knowledge and role of subject in such a way that without considering relation of power we can not attain pure science. Among features of post modernism and post modern thinkers , we can point out to their attention to remarks instead of its center and stated that modernity is a series of concept as central part without considering special point. In this regard, they prevent to belief in belief in science, tendency toward follow up wisdom and human being and even other post modernity subject and only desire to talk about forgetting concepts of around note.
Type of their look at power also taken from their knowledge and methods of consideration. For example, Foko stated that power only is not dedicated to one person, one group or grade and should not only granted to governor or rule board and we are confronting with a sense of limitation, i.e. those who accept such a power, only have sense of reception.
From stand point of Foki, power should not handed over to ruler or in their private section, instead belief in network and relation basis of power that same as nervous system should distribute inside society and should have software nature without observing power and there is no relation with hazardous means, but with a speech, cassette tape, book, thought,… we can stand for source of power. Attention to this type of power help more and more for analysis of Islamic Revolution by Foko. On this basis, he thinks that such a power that distribute around the society if reach to a unity, may create a power that no army, gun and other powers prevent from its goal and success.
• Foko and Iran Revolution
Michel Foko came three times to Iran in time of Iran Revolution in 1978, traveled to cities including Tehran, Qom and Abadan, had interview with people of these cities, and then published these essays in reliable newspaper including Corrier della sara in Italy.
Foko viewpoints subject to Iran revolution is not separate from his thought. In other words , his beliefs about Iran revolution is due to his beliefs and philosophy that he belong. In this section, we stated that power nature from his viewpoint is another thing that all accepted. He also point out to most important specifications about Iran Revolution that we briefly talk about these features.
A) Cultural procedure
Foko also analysis Iran Revolution from cultural standpoint. Some groups know this source as political, some other as economical and some belief in psychology thought about revolution, but Foko have special attention to cultural means and talk about Islamic culture and Shiite as a powerful potential to obey and collapse former kingdom in Iran. In his essay under title of “Religion against King”?.
He write, In what way we should investigate about our real nature? The only way is Islam that previous ages caused for organizing family bond and social relations. He correctly stated that Iranian nature is combination of religion and religious formalities. But steady and difference in life religion have no ability to cause revolution and in other words caused for escape people. We stated that from standpoint of Foko power is a relation inform of string and scatter in society without dedication to special group of society and belief in Shiite Islam in its nature have a power and in appropriate time can collect power and benefit against government or regime. In part of this essay, we read: Against allocated powers, Shiite gives powers to followers a sense of policy, religion etc…. This is a religion with simple language for achieving hope and wish as required in any time.
Religions as one of a constitute part of culture as stated by Foko have main role in informing Iranian people. Foko in different part and in numerous essays talked about historical role of Imam Hussein ( PBUH) and his revolt against corruption, also about ceremonies of Moharram, Ashoura, etc… and believe that such a concepts are same as software power that have power of fight with superpowers. In a general viewpoint, Foko believe that religion was a shelter for gathering people with each other and demand for fall of kingdom and such a religion can provide requirements of people from every level and talk about Iranian people tendency toward religion as terms of timeless playing as show nation historical movement . Religion was a symbol in which religious and non- religious people can observe their nature and historical events inside it.
B) Concept of Power in Iran Revolution
We stated that power had different meaning for Foko and through this process, separate from classic and traditional definition of power. He given considerable importance to power from scattering means between people and point out to such an element in Iran revolution and believe that King deleted ordinary and official power but forgot about network and scatter power of people and in this regard he shown two definitions and two power that in one part talked about king and army against other side as decision of public people with their software aspect and stated that what causes for my surprise refer back to point of fights as not between different figures. It is not far from this point since in one side, we can refer to all decision of people and from other side we reach to modern guns.
Foko believes that real and main power should search in this software aspect and in real thing, Iran have trace of such a power. From his viewpoint, Iran revolution found its importance and difference in this regard. Foko has an essay under the title of “ Revolt with hand”? and clarify such an element. From his viewpoint, people movement of Iran caused for surprise of all since Iranian movements in fact is a reality that we could not find in China, Vietnam or even in Cuba,i.e huge wave without military instrument, without pre-action, without party and ...
Foko stated that only we could not mobilized army only with gun and military equipments and power is not all these things, instead we should focus and concentrate on ideological means, belief and other mattes as the same.
Of course, it should be noted that Fokos is not religious thinkers but given importance to such a matters. Iran in that time may have fifth army of the world. From each three dollar of state income, one dollar cost for such a society but real thing is a fact that only with budget, airplane or hovercraft we could not make army since combination of equipments may caused for cease of army.
It is obvious that from Foko standpoint, Iran revolution is sign of software-scattered power without relation to special group in front of equipped and ready-made army of the ex-king.
C-Emerging public decision in Iran Revolution
Up to here, we talked about public decision and similar concepts, but what is real decision of people? Why we should talk about this? What is relation of public people to Iran Revolution? Response to these questions may find in consideration of Foko about Islamic Revolution. He believe that with emerging form of two polar in Iranian society that from one part king and affiliated party and other part all people of Iran, we notice forming public decisions in collapse of Pahlavi kingdom.
Non-tendency toward likeness of regime is a social and huge phenomenon, all people from all level of society including a physician in Tehran and clergyman from city province, oil worker and post employee, university student have similar objection and demand that, “King should leave the country”?.
For better understanding of case , it is better to have a special look at this subject and in fact about clarification of public decision that have number of meaning in politics, law, philosophy and sociology. For the first time, a term used by John Jake Russo as famous philosopher of French in 18th century. He said that, public decision is not a thing from outside, but is a real thing inside heart of citizens.
Society and people have same importance for him since in this part human reach to ethical contents. In other words, public decision combined with coordination concept and in his statement, such coordination is continuous and volunteer partnership in those mates that have real charity principal.
In his famous book “Social Contract”? that have considerable effect in political philosophical and law, his discussion is about public decision and believe that public decision should not consider with agreement in principal or majority of decision. In this part, Russo only talk about public decision as common joint profit. What consider in public decision is not number of vote, but is a common interest.
As observed if all people or majority of them given their viewpoints about some matters or voting, they could not necessary form public decision since its result of public decision is charity and common interest. Michel Foko talked about such a public decision in Iran Revolution and believes that such a matter is considerable value since low number of nation has success to reach public decision in fruitful result. He continued that, this revolutionary event is a fixed public demand. It is political myth that philosophers and law makers tries to analysis it with aid of foundations. Mass decision is a theoretical tool since no one can trace it or follow it signs and I think that it is same as God or soul without opportunity to confront. I do not know you are agree with me or not, but in Tehran and throughout Iran, we faced with public demand of a nation and we should respect to them since it may not repeat for the next time.
Public decision may find in religious thoughts, non-religious works, men, women, wealth people, etc… and in general in all people that have common and general decision, i.e. collapse of Pahlavi regime with their corruption roots inside country and affiliated to the West and Foko point out to all these matters.
C) Role of Leadership in Islamic Revolution of Iran
Difference of Foko glance with other western scientists is hiding in a matter that he has considerable attention to leadership and practical guidance of revolution and named Imam Khomeini as an important factor in victory of revolution. He point out this matter in essay of “Mystical leader of Iran Revolt”?.
He remembered Imam Khomeini as “Old holy men live in Paris”? and believes that people of Iran from every level likes him and stated that: A pilot of Boeing said that Imam is a valuable wealth of Iran from previous ages that remain in France and should care him. He came from Abadan, without dedication to special religions party, without political party, without rely upon any one only Khomeini.
Foko believes that Imam Khomeini as a Charisma leader had personal and inner relations and his personality should take into consideration in all the time. Today, no one even head of government or political leader even with support of all state medias could not claim that people of nation have such a relation and bond.
Foko knows this relation of Imam with people of that time in three things:
1-Khomeini is not here and is in Paris since 15 years ago.
2-Khomeini talk about nothing, only say No to King, regime and affiliation.
3-Khomeini is not political person; he has no belief in creation of a party or government in the name of Khomeini.
In summary, we can understand that Imam Khomeini leading along with other factors is important reason for victory of Revolution.
D- Iran Revolution and spiritual means in politic field
It is obvious that the most important part of Foko discussion is about effect of Revolution on politic of that time and believes that, Iranian demand for return of spiritual means to politic era. We stated that Foko is one of post modernist thinkers and herby we should notice to nostalgic attention of Foko to forgotten spiritual in politic field of modernity era.
In addition to effect of religion and Shiite religious party, Moharram and ceremony in spiritual tendencies, from stand point of Foko decision of people also is important factor. People demand from his viewpoint is Islamic Government, but its meaning is not limited to religious men dominant but instead is a vital term that collects and all interested people gather around. A movement that Iranian people desire is interferes of spiritual element in political life of people. Foko said that, I do not like Islamic government as an ideal form, but its affect me from political stand point since its endeavors toward finding a spiritual dimension t o politic.
Foko known these dimension as result of many things and belief that what Iranian spiritually means refer back to search that lost in previous time of Renaissance in western countries. This is real lost thing that human being achieved it with modernity movement and it means more attention toward science, wisdom and experience along with love, kindness, religion, etc… and Foko believe that return of spiritually to politic means only take form by religion but such a religion have its special features and is not people escape tendency since Islam in the year 1978 is clarification of a world without soul. Religion and spiritually that Iranian people seek caused for alter change in this world and it means consider all reality of time and in other words is up to date and effective religion. Michel Foko continued that Iranian and people are same as soul, core and global diamond. He also said that in his return from Iran, all people around talk about knowing revolt of Iran as revolution or not? In addition, I said that it is not revolution but standing of people with bare hand and demand for fading load on people even on farmers, demand for collapse of borders between emperors and it is loan of global discipline. It may be the initial revolt against anti-global discipline, the modern and the best policy of revolt.
Through this statement, he believes that Iran revolution has fundamental and global concept, confront, and challenge with global discipline until reach its message to all people of the world.
• Collection of Results
We desire to summarize viewpoints of Foko about Iranian Revolution in five parts. However, readers should notice to this point that Foko statements and viewpoints is not the first and the final part and we can focus in some of his thoughts. Meanwhile, when after revolution of Iran, number of affiliated persons to former regime sentence to death through hanging, he returned from his positive look at Iranian revolution. In final stage of talking about his theory, it should be noted that Iran revolution is a clarify point in social and political movements of contemporary Iran that caused for attention of most people. The most important point for revolutionary generation of Iran is pay attention to process of forming this revolution in first stage and then attention to its further dimension specially pathology of revolution till we can find damages and block is fruitfulness of our revolution and to prevent from its re-happening.
Writer: Ehsan Shakeri
Footnotes:
1-Michel Foko, superior part of Structuralism and Hermontic, translated by Hussein Bashirieh.
2-Specifications of Post Modernism, translated by Mohammad Hussein Kazemzadeh.
3- from 16-24 September 1978 and from 9 to 15 November 1978.
4-Corriere della Sara
5-All essays entered in book under a title of what a dream have Iranian people, translated by Hermes Publication center.
Six-What a dream has Iranian people, transferred by Hussein Masoumi Hamedani.
7-Same as 6, page 30-32
8-Same as 6,page 20
9-Michel Foko: Soul of a youth without soul, translated by Nikou Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, page 56-58.
10-Same as 9
11-What a dream Iranian people have, page 43-44
12-Same as 11, page 11-12
13-Same as 11, page 63-64
14-Historty of West Political Philosophy, page 353, 1998
15-Gods of Political Thoughts, translated by Ali Ramin, 1997, 2nd edition, page 46.
16-Social contract of John Jack Russo, translated by Morteza Kalantarian, Page 153, published in 2001.
17-Iran: Soul of a soulness world, page 57.
18-Same as 17, page 56.
19- Same as 17, page 57, 58
20- Same as 17, page 67
21- Same as 17, page 64
22- Same as 17, page 41
23- Same as 17, page 42
24- Same as 17, page 61
25- Same as 17, page 65
26- Same as 17, page 65
Source : 15 Khordad Seasonal Journal
Fars News Agency
It is say that western people have tendency to analysis subjective issues about domain of thought in spite of natural and ideological differences and political-social fields even in similar responses and consider such an analysis as scientific analysis. Michel Foko talks about revolutionary messages as follow:
We consider a revolution as an official basis when have two dynamic: One, dynamic of differences inside society, i.e dynamic of people grade battle or dynamic of social great confronting; second known as political dynamic with attendance of a leader, party with political ideological means and in summary a leading force who desire to follow up all nation . However, what happen in Iran, have no signals of these two criteria. Revolutionary movement without people grade level and inside struggle that is general format of westerns consideration in analysis of revolutions, and what is it.
Supposition of brilliant talent including Michel Foko in recognition and determination about Islamic revolutionary although considered hugeness of revolution in alter change of new period, but from other hand can prove insufficiency of theoretical and philosophical forms in determination of Islamic revolution. Foko although can not find any principal analysis for Islamic revolution, but have tendency toward structure breaking of dominant form on revolutionary movements as stated by western countries and his analysis and description of such a view points have considerable effect in recognition of Islamic revolution nature. Although approval or non approval of such a view points have no effect in nature of Islamic revolution since Islamic revolution with all elements stated inner desire of all people of Iran in collapse of Shahanshahi regime, fall of western countries political and social theories and founding a new discipline based on form finalized thoughts and values in society. A discipline that sought its goals in Islamic beliefs. The present essay that presented to office of seasonal journal by one of researcher of Islamic political thoughts tries to show philosophical and political supposition of this great French thinker in determination and understanding Islamic revolution. Hope for more efforts of researchers in understanding theories of the same.
• Preamble
In fact, Islamic revolution (1978) of Iran is one of the greatest movements in contemporary social and political movement’s history and even global era. This revolution in addition to effect in Iran also has considerable effects in region and the world. Iran with ancient huge culture and civilization even before Islam and after this period is premier leader of scientific, literature and cultural means of the world. But due to different reason and unfortunately from four-five decades before this movement take form of collapse in scientific and cultural means and reasons and roots of such a backward movement caused for non maturity of Iran from scientific, cultural ,literature and civilization of human being and in other words means having no share in different thought and operation procedure .
Philosophical thoughts as one of consistent elements of human being and follow it all others thought and principals in Iran after Molasadra Shirazi move toward zero zone and we can not find name and order of Iranian people in recent periods till happening revolution of the year 1978 since Iran for next time back to main field. A movement that caused for consideration by Michel Foko as contemporary thinkers to write about us.”? What a dream have Iranian people?”? Iranian revolution without consideration it as a motto has considerable effect in practice and viewpoint.
More movements benefiting from Iran revolution or speed in their movement and action. In theoretical basis and political-revolutionary view point, we considered effect of Iran Revolution since number of theories find its place due to people movement and among these theories, view point of Michel Foko have considerable and meaningful position. Although he is not a rhetorician but has standing position and is, famous person in thought field and should taken considerable attention to his viewpoints and in this regard, we wants to talk about view points of Foko and especially concerning revolution.
• A glance at Foko Thoughts
Michel Foko (1926-1984) was born in Pouatieh in France and entered in Sorbonne University to study philosophy, received bachelor ’s degree in 1948, and after receiving PhD in1964 enter in Kelermon University as lecturer of Philosophy. He rapidly seized opportunity to be as one of famous thinkers of French and enter into global era. He opened new glance in different sciences of philosophy, history, sociology and politics.
He benefited from most important thought sources of his time and great thinkers and scientists including Martin Hedger, Freud, Marx and specially Fredrick Niche have considerable attention by him. During his scientific and thought life, he entered considerable theories and concepts in social sciences era and considered as important step in advancement of these sciences. In first stage, he accounted as duty of sociologist and philosopher as archeologist that clean all dust and sand, focus incontinent of history, and believe that every era and period have its special classification that formed spatial nature and removed all other things. From his standpoint, forming thought and science is due to classification of knowledge of dominant era. From his standpoint, researcher is inside of such a system and can form his/her thoughts. In other words, thoughts and forming principal are due to having such space and classification.
In second stage, he commence to speech about trace of initial people in forming thought and in this part he talked about relation of power and knowledge as constituent part of subject and believe that power and relation of power have considerable role in making knowledge and role of subject in such a way that without considering relation of power we can not attain pure science. Among features of post modernism and post modern thinkers , we can point out to their attention to remarks instead of its center and stated that modernity is a series of concept as central part without considering special point. In this regard, they prevent to belief in belief in science, tendency toward follow up wisdom and human being and even other post modernity subject and only desire to talk about forgetting concepts of around note.
Type of their look at power also taken from their knowledge and methods of consideration. For example, Foko stated that power only is not dedicated to one person, one group or grade and should not only granted to governor or rule board and we are confronting with a sense of limitation, i.e. those who accept such a power, only have sense of reception.
From stand point of Foki, power should not handed over to ruler or in their private section, instead belief in network and relation basis of power that same as nervous system should distribute inside society and should have software nature without observing power and there is no relation with hazardous means, but with a speech, cassette tape, book, thought,… we can stand for source of power. Attention to this type of power help more and more for analysis of Islamic Revolution by Foko. On this basis, he thinks that such a power that distribute around the society if reach to a unity, may create a power that no army, gun and other powers prevent from its goal and success.
• Foko and Iran Revolution
Michel Foko came three times to Iran in time of Iran Revolution in 1978, traveled to cities including Tehran, Qom and Abadan, had interview with people of these cities, and then published these essays in reliable newspaper including Corrier della sara in Italy.
Foko viewpoints subject to Iran revolution is not separate from his thought. In other words , his beliefs about Iran revolution is due to his beliefs and philosophy that he belong. In this section, we stated that power nature from his viewpoint is another thing that all accepted. He also point out to most important specifications about Iran Revolution that we briefly talk about these features.
A) Cultural procedure
Foko also analysis Iran Revolution from cultural standpoint. Some groups know this source as political, some other as economical and some belief in psychology thought about revolution, but Foko have special attention to cultural means and talk about Islamic culture and Shiite as a powerful potential to obey and collapse former kingdom in Iran. In his essay under title of “Religion against King”?.
He write, In what way we should investigate about our real nature? The only way is Islam that previous ages caused for organizing family bond and social relations. He correctly stated that Iranian nature is combination of religion and religious formalities. But steady and difference in life religion have no ability to cause revolution and in other words caused for escape people. We stated that from standpoint of Foko power is a relation inform of string and scatter in society without dedication to special group of society and belief in Shiite Islam in its nature have a power and in appropriate time can collect power and benefit against government or regime. In part of this essay, we read: Against allocated powers, Shiite gives powers to followers a sense of policy, religion etc…. This is a religion with simple language for achieving hope and wish as required in any time.
Religions as one of a constitute part of culture as stated by Foko have main role in informing Iranian people. Foko in different part and in numerous essays talked about historical role of Imam Hussein ( PBUH) and his revolt against corruption, also about ceremonies of Moharram, Ashoura, etc… and believe that such a concepts are same as software power that have power of fight with superpowers. In a general viewpoint, Foko believe that religion was a shelter for gathering people with each other and demand for fall of kingdom and such a religion can provide requirements of people from every level and talk about Iranian people tendency toward religion as terms of timeless playing as show nation historical movement . Religion was a symbol in which religious and non- religious people can observe their nature and historical events inside it.
B) Concept of Power in Iran Revolution
We stated that power had different meaning for Foko and through this process, separate from classic and traditional definition of power. He given considerable importance to power from scattering means between people and point out to such an element in Iran revolution and believe that King deleted ordinary and official power but forgot about network and scatter power of people and in this regard he shown two definitions and two power that in one part talked about king and army against other side as decision of public people with their software aspect and stated that what causes for my surprise refer back to point of fights as not between different figures. It is not far from this point since in one side, we can refer to all decision of people and from other side we reach to modern guns.
Foko believes that real and main power should search in this software aspect and in real thing, Iran have trace of such a power. From his viewpoint, Iran revolution found its importance and difference in this regard. Foko has an essay under the title of “ Revolt with hand”? and clarify such an element. From his viewpoint, people movement of Iran caused for surprise of all since Iranian movements in fact is a reality that we could not find in China, Vietnam or even in Cuba,i.e huge wave without military instrument, without pre-action, without party and ...
Foko stated that only we could not mobilized army only with gun and military equipments and power is not all these things, instead we should focus and concentrate on ideological means, belief and other mattes as the same.
Of course, it should be noted that Fokos is not religious thinkers but given importance to such a matters. Iran in that time may have fifth army of the world. From each three dollar of state income, one dollar cost for such a society but real thing is a fact that only with budget, airplane or hovercraft we could not make army since combination of equipments may caused for cease of army.
It is obvious that from Foko standpoint, Iran revolution is sign of software-scattered power without relation to special group in front of equipped and ready-made army of the ex-king.
C-Emerging public decision in Iran Revolution
Up to here, we talked about public decision and similar concepts, but what is real decision of people? Why we should talk about this? What is relation of public people to Iran Revolution? Response to these questions may find in consideration of Foko about Islamic Revolution. He believe that with emerging form of two polar in Iranian society that from one part king and affiliated party and other part all people of Iran, we notice forming public decisions in collapse of Pahlavi kingdom.
Non-tendency toward likeness of regime is a social and huge phenomenon, all people from all level of society including a physician in Tehran and clergyman from city province, oil worker and post employee, university student have similar objection and demand that, “King should leave the country”?.
For better understanding of case , it is better to have a special look at this subject and in fact about clarification of public decision that have number of meaning in politics, law, philosophy and sociology. For the first time, a term used by John Jake Russo as famous philosopher of French in 18th century. He said that, public decision is not a thing from outside, but is a real thing inside heart of citizens.
Society and people have same importance for him since in this part human reach to ethical contents. In other words, public decision combined with coordination concept and in his statement, such coordination is continuous and volunteer partnership in those mates that have real charity principal.
In his famous book “Social Contract”? that have considerable effect in political philosophical and law, his discussion is about public decision and believe that public decision should not consider with agreement in principal or majority of decision. In this part, Russo only talk about public decision as common joint profit. What consider in public decision is not number of vote, but is a common interest.
As observed if all people or majority of them given their viewpoints about some matters or voting, they could not necessary form public decision since its result of public decision is charity and common interest. Michel Foko talked about such a public decision in Iran Revolution and believes that such a matter is considerable value since low number of nation has success to reach public decision in fruitful result. He continued that, this revolutionary event is a fixed public demand. It is political myth that philosophers and law makers tries to analysis it with aid of foundations. Mass decision is a theoretical tool since no one can trace it or follow it signs and I think that it is same as God or soul without opportunity to confront. I do not know you are agree with me or not, but in Tehran and throughout Iran, we faced with public demand of a nation and we should respect to them since it may not repeat for the next time.
Public decision may find in religious thoughts, non-religious works, men, women, wealth people, etc… and in general in all people that have common and general decision, i.e. collapse of Pahlavi regime with their corruption roots inside country and affiliated to the West and Foko point out to all these matters.
C) Role of Leadership in Islamic Revolution of Iran
Difference of Foko glance with other western scientists is hiding in a matter that he has considerable attention to leadership and practical guidance of revolution and named Imam Khomeini as an important factor in victory of revolution. He point out this matter in essay of “Mystical leader of Iran Revolt”?.
He remembered Imam Khomeini as “Old holy men live in Paris”? and believes that people of Iran from every level likes him and stated that: A pilot of Boeing said that Imam is a valuable wealth of Iran from previous ages that remain in France and should care him. He came from Abadan, without dedication to special religions party, without political party, without rely upon any one only Khomeini.
Foko believes that Imam Khomeini as a Charisma leader had personal and inner relations and his personality should take into consideration in all the time. Today, no one even head of government or political leader even with support of all state medias could not claim that people of nation have such a relation and bond.
Foko knows this relation of Imam with people of that time in three things:
1-Khomeini is not here and is in Paris since 15 years ago.
2-Khomeini talk about nothing, only say No to King, regime and affiliation.
3-Khomeini is not political person; he has no belief in creation of a party or government in the name of Khomeini.
In summary, we can understand that Imam Khomeini leading along with other factors is important reason for victory of Revolution.
D- Iran Revolution and spiritual means in politic field
It is obvious that the most important part of Foko discussion is about effect of Revolution on politic of that time and believes that, Iranian demand for return of spiritual means to politic era. We stated that Foko is one of post modernist thinkers and herby we should notice to nostalgic attention of Foko to forgotten spiritual in politic field of modernity era.
In addition to effect of religion and Shiite religious party, Moharram and ceremony in spiritual tendencies, from stand point of Foko decision of people also is important factor. People demand from his viewpoint is Islamic Government, but its meaning is not limited to religious men dominant but instead is a vital term that collects and all interested people gather around. A movement that Iranian people desire is interferes of spiritual element in political life of people. Foko said that, I do not like Islamic government as an ideal form, but its affect me from political stand point since its endeavors toward finding a spiritual dimension t o politic.
Foko known these dimension as result of many things and belief that what Iranian spiritually means refer back to search that lost in previous time of Renaissance in western countries. This is real lost thing that human being achieved it with modernity movement and it means more attention toward science, wisdom and experience along with love, kindness, religion, etc… and Foko believe that return of spiritually to politic means only take form by religion but such a religion have its special features and is not people escape tendency since Islam in the year 1978 is clarification of a world without soul. Religion and spiritually that Iranian people seek caused for alter change in this world and it means consider all reality of time and in other words is up to date and effective religion. Michel Foko continued that Iranian and people are same as soul, core and global diamond. He also said that in his return from Iran, all people around talk about knowing revolt of Iran as revolution or not? In addition, I said that it is not revolution but standing of people with bare hand and demand for fading load on people even on farmers, demand for collapse of borders between emperors and it is loan of global discipline. It may be the initial revolt against anti-global discipline, the modern and the best policy of revolt.
Through this statement, he believes that Iran revolution has fundamental and global concept, confront, and challenge with global discipline until reach its message to all people of the world.
• Collection of Results
We desire to summarize viewpoints of Foko about Iranian Revolution in five parts. However, readers should notice to this point that Foko statements and viewpoints is not the first and the final part and we can focus in some of his thoughts. Meanwhile, when after revolution of Iran, number of affiliated persons to former regime sentence to death through hanging, he returned from his positive look at Iranian revolution. In final stage of talking about his theory, it should be noted that Iran revolution is a clarify point in social and political movements of contemporary Iran that caused for attention of most people. The most important point for revolutionary generation of Iran is pay attention to process of forming this revolution in first stage and then attention to its further dimension specially pathology of revolution till we can find damages and block is fruitfulness of our revolution and to prevent from its re-happening.
Writer: Ehsan Shakeri
Footnotes:
1-Michel Foko, superior part of Structuralism and Hermontic, translated by Hussein Bashirieh.
2-Specifications of Post Modernism, translated by Mohammad Hussein Kazemzadeh.
3- from 16-24 September 1978 and from 9 to 15 November 1978.
4-Corriere della Sara
5-All essays entered in book under a title of what a dream have Iranian people, translated by Hermes Publication center.
Six-What a dream has Iranian people, transferred by Hussein Masoumi Hamedani.
7-Same as 6, page 30-32
8-Same as 6,page 20
9-Michel Foko: Soul of a youth without soul, translated by Nikou Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, page 56-58.
10-Same as 9
11-What a dream Iranian people have, page 43-44
12-Same as 11, page 11-12
13-Same as 11, page 63-64
14-Historty of West Political Philosophy, page 353, 1998
15-Gods of Political Thoughts, translated by Ali Ramin, 1997, 2nd edition, page 46.
16-Social contract of John Jack Russo, translated by Morteza Kalantarian, Page 153, published in 2001.
17-Iran: Soul of a soulness world, page 57.
18-Same as 17, page 56.
19- Same as 17, page 57, 58
20- Same as 17, page 67
21- Same as 17, page 64
22- Same as 17, page 41
23- Same as 17, page 42
24- Same as 17, page 61
25- Same as 17, page 65
26- Same as 17, page 65
Source : 15 Khordad Seasonal Journal
Fars News Agency
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